After the damaging emissions scandal in 2015, Volkswagen came back fighting in 2017. This led to VW Bank, freshly separated from VW Financial Services, issuing a three-tranche deal that exceeded all expectations. David Wigan reports.

Innogy, the youthful business that was spun out of RWE in 2016, found plenty of takers when it decided on a green bond programme to complement its sustainable wind energy credentials. David Wigan reports.

Italian energy company Snam demerged from Italgas in 2016, and since then has pulled off several deals to reduce its debt financing costs, ultimately leading to a rating upgrade. David Wigan reports.

The Austrian government’s landmark 100-year bond drew double the usual amount of investors. Markus Stix of the Austrian Treasury described the deal to David Wigan. 

Following the sovereign debt crisis, Europe's funding safeguard was set up to ensure regional stability. While most countries no longer need propping up, the European Stability Mechanism is still busy, as head of funding and investor relations Siegfried Ruhl tells David Wigan.

The uptick in the fortunes of key central and eastern European economies has given a boost to Raiffeisen Bank International, which made its additional Tier 1 securities debut in June. David Wigan assesses the success of this move.

The World Bank’s green bond issuance recently passed the $10bn milestone. Treasury capital markets director George Richardson explains to David Wigan how it is now spearheading other sustainable instruments.

Ireland has issued early in January over the past few years, and 2017 was to prove no exception, with the country issuing a 20-year benchmark deal that exceeded expectations with regards to pricing and the geographic spread of investors.

When Aviva decided to raise capital in late 2016, lead managers Société Générale, Morgan Stanley and RBS counselled against a sterling issuance. Treasurer Simon Rich tells Joanne Hart why the UK insurer is happy it followed their advice.

In August, Poland's government became the first European sovereign to issue renminbi-denominated debt in China's onshore bond market. Joanne Hart investigates how the deal came together.