In 2022, the share of central banks engaged in some form of work on central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) rose to 93%, according to the Bank for International Settlements. The Bahamas, the Eastern Caribbean, Jamaica and Nigeria have all issued a live retail CBDC already.
However, CBDCs sometimes raise doubts, and even fears, among commercial banks, as acknowledged in a speech by Bank of France governor François Villeroy de Galhau.
